The predominant side effects include: Gastrointestinal symptoms : nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, and abdominal pain (affecting 10-50% of patients depending on the specific product and dose, particularly during dose escalation) Injection site reactions : redness, itching, or discomfort at the subcutaneous injection site Hypoglycaemia : particularly when combined with insulin or sulphonylureas Decreased appetite : an intended therapeutic effect that contributes to weight loss However, some patients do report changes in urinary frequency or patterns
Peptide therapy uses chains of amino acids (peptides) that send signals to cells to regulate and rejuvenate body functions
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Several methods are introduced to increase the half-life of GLP-1 including: (i) modifying peptides to make them resistant to cleavage by DPP-4, such as exenatide twice daily and lixisenatide, (ii) attaching free fatty acid side chains to liraglutide and semaglutide, which enhances their binding to plasma albumin thereby preventing renal filtration of GLP-1 and prolonging their action in vivo [36, 37], (iii) conjugation of albumin or the Fc fragment of IgG to GLP-1 molecule is used in albiglutide and dulaglutide [37, 38], (iv) development of modified nanoparticles for the controlled release of exenatide-LAR (long-acting release) that provide prolonged release of the peptide [39], and finally, (v) chemical permeation enhancers such as sodium salcaprozate (SNAC) could be utilized to overcome the low permeability and high enzymatic degradation of the gastrointestinal tract of GLP-1 analog that is administrated orally such as semaglutide [40]

Using a footstool to elevate the knees above the hips can help straighten the anorectal angle, reducing straining during defecation