Multiple molecular mechanisms have been implicated in PD pathogenesis, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired protein degradation pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal systems), excitotoxicity, calcium dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and abnormal alpha-synuclein aggregation
Mitochondrial glutamate generated via these catabolic pathways can be exported from mitochondria to the cytosol through the SLC25A18 and SLC25A22 transporters 21 , and cytosolic glutamate then participates in the biosynthesis of glutathionea tripeptide comprising glutamate, cysteine, and glycineand NEAAs (alanine, proline, aspartate, asparagine, and arginine) and is used as an exchange factor for importing extracellular cystine via SLC7A11
They carried the lowest weight
Paclitaxel and Cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity: a protective role of acetyl-L-carnitine
Levocarnitine-induced hypophosphatemia in a hemodialysis patient with acute valproic acid toxicity