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Advantages No injection required Simple, convenient administration May provide some local benefit to the gastrointestinal tract before degradation Easier for people with needle aversion Disadvantages Substantially lower systemic bioavailability Inconsistent absorption from dose to dose Higher doses needed to achieve similar systemic effects (if achievable at all) Limited evidence for systemic benefits via oral route Potential GI effects from higher doses Emerging Solutions Some manufacturers are exploring encapsulation technologies, enteric coatings, and liposomal delivery systems designed to protect oral peptides from digestive degradation
22(5): p
10.1002/ptr.6803 212 WangJ.WangS.SunS.LuY.GaoK.GuoC.et al (2020a)
J Biol Chem 270:1567515685
J.Anwar AliH
