B12 injections effectively treat deficiency symptoms including chronic fatigue, mental fog, memory problems, numbness or tingling in extremities, pale skin, general weakness, and irritability in affected patients.
For confirmed deficiency or pernicious anaemia, NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries recommend hydroxocobalamin 1mg intramuscularly, with frequency determined by the underlying cause and neurological involvement
Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for cobalamin (vitamin B12)
10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.005 34 McGuireS
Detection indicators: bone density (lumbar spine, hip), bone turnover markers (OC, CTX), bone microstructure (number, thickness, and gaps of bone trabeculae), and skeletal mechanical strength